the human cost of the ipad

in the second of a new york times series about the global tech industry, charles duhigg and david barboza explore the often brutal working conditions at the factories where some of america’s most iconic high-tech devices are made.

in the last decade, apple has become one of the mightiest, richest and most successful companies in the world, in part by mastering global manufacturing. apple and its high-technology peers as well as dozens of other american industries have achieved a pace of innovation nearly unmatched in modern history.

however, the workers assembling iphones, ipads and other devices often labor in harsh conditions, according to employees inside those plants, worker advocates and documents published by companies themselves. problems are as varied as onerous work environments and serious sometimes deadly safety problems.

employees work excessive overtime, in some cases seven days a week, and live in crowded dorms. some say they stand so long that their legs swell until they can hardly walk. under age workers have helped build apple’s products, and the company’s suppliers have improperly disposed of hazardous waste and falsified records, according to company reports and advocacy groups that, within china, are often considered reliable, independent monitors.

more troubling, the groups say, is some suppliers disregard for workers’ health. two years ago, 137 workers at an apple supplier in eastern china were injured after they were ordered to use a poisonous chemical to clean iphone screens. within seven months last year, two explosions at ipad factories, including in chengdu, killed four people and injured 77. before those blasts, apple had been alerted to hazardous conditions inside the chengdu plant, according to a chinese group that published that warning.